Chlorpyrifos A Pesticide Sprayed on Crops
What is chlorpyrifos?Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide. Pure chlorpyrifos is made up of white or colorless crystals.Cas 2921-88-2 It has a slightly skunky odor, like rotten eggs or garlic. Chlorpyrifos is used to control many different kinds of pests, including termites, mosquitoes, and roundworms. Chlorpyrifos was first registered as an insecticide in 1965 and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) re-registered it in 2006. The only legal indoor use for chlorpyrifos is in containers with treated baits.
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide, acaricide and miticide used primarily to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests.
Chlorpyrifos (CPS), also known as Chlorpyrifos ethyl, is an organophosphate pesticide that has been used on crops, animals, and buildings, and in other settings, to kill several pests, including insects and worms. It acts on the nervous systems of insects by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme.
Chlorpyrifos echanism of action
Like other organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos acts by acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
How does chlorpyrifos work?
Chlorpyrifos can be harmful if it is touched, inhaled, or eaten. Chlorpyrifos works by blocking an enzyme which controls messages that travel between nerve cells. When the enzyme is blocked, the nervous system can't send normal signals. This causes the nervous system to malfunction and this is how it eventually kills the pest.
Importance of Chlorpyrifos in Agriculture
Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide active on foliar-feeding and soil-dwelling insect pests primarily by contact. It has demonstrated short residual activity on plant foliage making it safe on crops, while also providing growers more application and timing flexibility.
Insecticide Chlorpyrifos price
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How it Works Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos acts as a nerve agent and is classified as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor (Group 1B) by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. Insects can be exposed to chlorpyrifos through either direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation.
Chlorpyrifos functions by binding to AChE, thereby preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine (a neural signal carrier). Subsequent accumulation of acetylcholine causes overstimulation of nerves which can result in paralysis, seizures, and eventual death of the insect. Other organophosphate insecticides that share this mode of action include diazinon, malathion, parathion, dichlorvos, and terbufos.
Chlorpyrifos Uses
Chlorpyrifos was used in about 100 countries around the world to control insects in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings. Its use in residential applications is restricted in multiple countries. chlorpyrifos is registered for use in nearly 100 countries and is annually applied to approximately 8.5 million crop acres.The crops with the most usefulness include cotton, corn, almonds, and fruit trees, including oranges, bananas, and apples.
Chlorpyrifos was first registered for use in the United States in 1965 for the control of foliage and soil-born insects.The chemical became widely used in residential settings, on golf course turf, as a structural termite control agent, and in agriculture. Most residential use of chlorpyrifos has been phased out in the United States; however, agricultural use remains common.
Chlorpyrifos Application
Chlorpyrifos is normally supplied as a 23.5% or 50% liquid concentrate. The recommended concentration for direct-spray pin point application is 0.5% and for wide area application a 0.03–0.12% mix is recommended.
What are some products that contain chlorpyrifos?
Products with chlorpyrifos in them are used in agriculture in cattle ear tags. They may be used on golf courses, and to control fire ants and mosquitoes for public health purposes. Products containing chlorpyrifos are also used to treat wood fences and utility poles.
Chlorpyrifos is no longer used on food and animal feed crops since 2022, although products may be used on non-bearing fruit or nut trees that will not bear fruit or nuts within a year. Ear tags may still be used on cattle that will not be slaughtered for at least a year. The U.S. EPA determined that risks of dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos, especially for children, were too high.
Always follow label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure. If any exposures occur, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully.
Which crops have chlorpyrifos on them?
Chlorpyrifos is used on a wide variety of crops including apples, oranges, strawberries, corn, wheat, citrus, and other foods families and their children eat daily.
More than half of all apples and broccoli in are sprayed with chlorpyrifos.
Chlorpyrifos is also used on feed crops that lead to residues in milk, eggs, and meat.
Pesticide Data Program found chlorpyrifos residue on citrus and melons even after being washed and peeled. By volume, chlorpyrifos is most used on corn and soybeans, with over a million pounds applied annually to each crop.
How are people exposed to chlorpyrifos?
People are exposed to chlorpyrifos through residues on food and in drinking water, and by toxic spray drift from pesticide applications.
Farmworkers are exposed to it from mixing, handling, and applying the pesticide; as well as from entering fields where chlorpyrifos was recently sprayed.
Consumers across the country are at risk, too, given chlorpyrifos’ widespread use. Residential uses of chlorpyrifos ended in 2000 after EPA found unacceptable risks to kids.
Children often experience greater exposure to chlorpyrifos and other pesticides because they frequently put their hands in their mouths and, relative to adults, they eat more fruits and vegetables, and drink more water and juice for their weight.
What are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to chlorpyrifos?
Chlorpyrifos affects the nervous system of people, pets, and other animals the same way it affects the target pest. Signs and symptoms can appear within minutes to hours after exposure. These effects can last for days or even weeks. During this time, the body is replacing the depleted enzymes in the nervous system so it can function normally again.
Exposure to small amounts of chlorpyrifos can cause runny nose, tears, and increased saliva or drooling. People may sweat, and develop headache, nausea, and dizziness. More serious exposures can cause vomiting, abdominal muscle cramps, muscle twitching, tremors and weakness, and loss
of coordination. Sometimes people develop diarrhea or blurred or darkened vision. In severe poisoning cases, exposure can lead to unconsciousness, loss of bladder and bowel control, convulsions, difficulty in breathing, and paralysis.
What happens to chlorpyrifos in the environment?
When chlorpyrifos gets into the soil, it can take weeks to years for all of the chlorpyrifos to break down. Chlorpyrifos in the soil may be broken down by ultraviolet light and chemicals in the soil. Soil temperature and pH level may also affect how long chlorpyrifos stays in the soil. Chlorpyrifos will break down more slowly in acidic soils than in basic soils.
Once chlorpyrifos is in the soil, it sticks very strongly to soil particles. Plant roots won't usually pick it up, and it won't easily get into groundwater. Chlorpyrifos may wash into rivers or streams if erosion moves the treated soil. One of the breakdown products of chlorpyrifos, called TCP, does not bind to soil and may get into groundwater.
Most of the chlorpyrifos applied to plant leaves will evaporate, but some may remain for 10 to 14 days. Chlorpyrifos or the chemicals it breaks into may get into the atmosphere and travel long distances.
Can chlorpyrifos affect birds, fish, or other wildlife?
Chlorpyrifos is very toxic to many bird species such as grackles and pigeons, and it is moderately toxic to others such as mallard ducks. Mallard ducks fed chlorpyrifos laid fewer eggs and raised fewer ducklings. The eggshells were thinner than normal, and many of the young ducklings died. Of all birds, robins are most often found dead following accidents involving chlorpyrifos use.
Chlorpyrifos is also very toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. It may build up in the tissues of fish and other animals that eat smaller animals. This is known as bioaccumulation.
Chlorpyrifos is very toxic to bees. It can poison non-target insects for up to 24 hours after it is sprayed. Chlorpyrifos can be toxic to earthworms for up to 2 weeks after it is applied to soil.