Diazinon - Non-systemic insecticide and acaricide
What is diazinon?Diazinon is used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematicide. that belongs to a group of chemicals known as organophosphates. Cas333-41-5Diazinon is used in agriculture to control insects on fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops. It is also used to make ear tags for cattle.Diazinon does not occur naturally in the environment. The pure chemical is a colorless and practically odorless oil. Commercial diazinon is a pale to dark brown liquid. Diazinon is used to control pest insects in soil (by soil application); sucking and chewing insects and mites on a very wide range of crops, including,citrus tree, olives, bananas, pineapples, vegetables, potatoes, sugar cane, coffee, tea, tobacco, maize,cotton, rice, ornamental plants, forestry etc. It is also used as a veterinary ectoparasiticide and as a seed treatment
Diazinon has been used in the United States since 1956. Before the cancellation of residential uses in 2004, diazinon was used for household insects, lawn and garden insect control, and to control insects on pets.
Diazinon is the common name of an organophosphorus insecticide used to control pest insects in soil, on ornamental plants, and on fruit and vegetable field crops.
How it works Diazinon?
Mode of Action
Diazinon is a non-systemic insecticide and acaricide which acts as a contact, stomach and respiratory poison. It kills insects by interfering with nervous system function. This results in a loss of control over the nervous system that eventually leads to the death of the insect.
Target Organisms
Diazinon is a contact insecticide which kills by altering normal neurotransmission within the nervous system of target organisms.Diazinon inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions. This results in abnormal accumulation of ACh in the nervous system.
Diazinon shares a common mechanism of toxicity with other organophosphate insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, malathion and parathion, thus, diazinon would not be effective against organophosphate-resistant insect populations.
Diazinon is metabolized within organisms to form diazoxon (sometimes referred to as "activation," see metabolism section below), and diazoxon is a more potent cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor compared to diazinon itself.
Non-target Organisms
Diazinon toxicity to non-target organisms is similar to the mode of action for target organisms. The enzyme AChE, which removes the neurotransmitter ACh, is inhibited by diazinon. This inhibition interferes with normal neurotransmission in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions of the nervous system. In wildlife, even slight ChE inhibition has the potential to make animals more susceptible to environmental factors such as predation, which can in turn effect the survival of the organism.
Non-target organisms can be exposed to diazinon by inhalation, ingestion and/or dermal exposure.
How does diazinon work?
Diazinon works by affecting the nervous system. Exposure to diazinon affects the chemicals that make the nervous system function properly. This results in a loss of control over the nervous system that eventually leads to the death of the insect.
Diazinon applied to soils can be absorbed by plant roots and translocated in plants.
Diazinon degrades rapidly in leafy vegetables, forage crops, and grass. Half-lives range from 2 to 14 days. Low temperature and high oil content increase the persistence of diazinon in plants.
Diazinon metabolites in plants include the primary hydrolysis product, pyrimidinol, as well as hydroxypyrimidinol. Diazoxon is also found in plants (and the measured pyrimidinol may result from the hydrolysis of diazoxon rather than diazinon itself).
Insecticide Diazinon price
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Insecticide Diazinon supplier
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Diazinon Uses
Diazinon is a non-systemic insecticide used in agriculture to control soil and foliage insects and pests on a variety of fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops. Diazinon is also used on non-lactating cattle in an insecticidal ear tag. Prior to the cancellation of all residential uses by 2004, diazinon was used outdoors on lawns and gardens, indoors for fly control and in pet collars designed to control fleas and ticks.Uses for individual diazinon products vary widely. Always read and follow the label when applying pesticide products.
Diazinon products are formulated as dusts, granules, liquids, concentrates, microencapsulations, wettable powders, seed dressings and impregnated materials.
Diazinon was one of the most widely used insecticides for household and agricultural pest control. In 2000, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) announced an agreement with the registrants of diazinon to cancel all residential uses of diazinon. Indoor uses were cancelled in 2002 and outdoor uses in 2004, leaving only agricultural uses for diazinon.
Current agricultural uses of diazinon are limited to selected crops, and diazinon products (other than cattle ear tags) are regulated as restricted use pesticides.
Diazinon Physical Chemical Properties
Pure diazinon is a colorless oil. Technical grade diazinon (≥90% active ingredient) is an amber to brown liquid.
Vapor pressure1,3: 1.40 x 10-4, 8.4 x 10-5 mmHg at 20 °C
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Kow)1,3: 2.5 x 104; (log Kow)4: 3.3, 3.81
Molecular weight1: 304.3 g/mol
Solubility (water)1,3,4,6: 0.04 g/L (40 mg/L) at 20 °C and 30 °C, however other values between 0.054 and 0.069 g/L (54 and 69 mg/L) have been reported in the 20-40 °C temperature range. Diazinon is completely miscible in acetone, benzene, ethanol, toluene, xylene and is soluble in petroleum oils.
Soil Sorption Coefficient (Koc)3,5: Reported values range from 40 to 854 L/kgoc
Diazinon Efficacy
Diazinon is a contact insecticide which kills insects by altering normal neurotransmission within the nervous system of the insect. As mentioned above, diazinon inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions. This results in abnormal accumulation of ACh within the nervous system. Diazinon, although a thiophosphoric ester, shares a common mechanism of toxicity with other organophosphate insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, malathion and parathion, and is not very effective against the organophosphate-resistant insect populations.
Symptoms of acute diazinon exposure develop in minutes to hours following exposure, depending on the exposure pathway. The initial symptoms of humans are nausea, dizziness, salivation, headache, sweating, lacrimation, and rhinorrhea. The symptoms can progress to vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, muscle twitching, weakness, tremor, a lack of coordination and miosis. Furthermore, some studies have even reported some psychiatric side effects including memory loss, confusion, and depression.
Because diazinon is fat soluble, there is potential for delayed toxicity if significant amounts of diazinon are stored in fatty tissues. Intermediate syndrome generally occurs within 24–96 hours after exposure. Intermediate syndrome in humans is characterized by difficulty breathing and muscular weakness, often in the face, neck and proximal limb muscles.
Diazinon Resistance
Repeated use of the same insecticide or insecticides with the same mode of action and against a particular insect in a given area may result in the effectiveness of the insecticide being reduced. To delay or prevent resistance of insects to insecticides Integrate different control methods (cultural, biological, and chemical) into insect control programs whenever possible.
Use insecticides only when the economic threshold for a pest has been surpassed and natural controls fail to limit economic damage.
Rotate between insecticides with different modes of action, particularly if several applications are made in a season.
Keep accurate records of insecticides used for each of your fields. Insecticides can be classified according to their similarity in chemical structure (chemical group), and by mode of action (the process by which the insecticide kills the insect). By selecting products with different modes of action for an insecticide rotation program, risk of insecticide resistance can be reduced.
What are some products that contain diazinon?
Diazinon products are sold under many names and they are formulated as dusts, granules, liquids, concentrates, seed dressings and cattle ear tags.
Always follow label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure. If any exposures occur, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully.
How might be exposed to diazinon?
Since diazinon is only used in agricultural settings, the main way in which the general public could be exposed is through eating food treated with diazinon. Diazinon may also be present in surface or well water as a result of run-off and movement through the soil from areas where diazinon is used in farming.
Diazinon exposure can also happen if you get it on your skin or breathe it in. Unless you work in an agricultural setting where diazinon is in use, being exposed in these ways is not likely.
What are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to diazinon?
Diazinon exposure affects the nervous system of insects, people, and pets in the same basic way. However, the signs and symptoms from exposure may be different. Symptoms of diazinon exposure can happen within minutes or 12-24 hours after the exposure. The signs and symptoms from a brief exposure can last several days or even weeks. During this time, the body is replacing the chemicals needed for proper nervous system function.
Diazinon exposure, whether from ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation can result in nervous system health effects. These effects may include watery eyes, runny nose, drooling, loss of appetite, coughing, urination, diarrhea, stomach pain, and vomiting. Larger exposures can cause more severe signs and symptoms, including head and body tremors, muscle spasms or stiffness, muscle weakness or paralysis, rapid heart rate, difficulty breathing, seizures, convulsions, or coma. Overall, diazinon is fairly low in toxicity when inhaled, ingested or when it gets on the skin, so minor exposures are not likely to cause severe symptoms. However, small exposures to diazinon can cause mild skin or eye irritation.