How does Brassinolide influence growth and development of plants?
What is Brassinolide Cas 72962-43-7?Brassinolide is a plant hormone. Cas 72962-43-7The first isolated brassinosteroid, it was discovered when it was shown that pollen from rapeseed (Brassica napus) could promote stem elongation and cell division.The biologically active component was isolated and named brassinolide.
Brassinolide is a potent plant growth stimulator that shows a wide occurrence in the plant kingdom with unique biological effects on growth and physiological traits. At first, it was discovered in rape pollen. Exogenous application helps in keeping plants intact or to explants at nano-micromolar concentrations. Brassinolide can induce a variety of physiological responses like seed germination, growth of pollen tube, elongation of stem, induction of ethylene biosynthesis, altered gene expression, leaf unrolling and bending, microtubule reorientation, growth inhibition in roots, vascular differentiation, proton pump activation, and stress response modulation. It is ubiquitously distributed in all the growing tissues of higher plants, with a much higher concentration in fruit, seeds, and pollen. It is completely soluble in water
Brassinolide and its analogs, as the endogenous plant hormone, are different from the other five plant hormones and have unique physiological activities to the plants. Compared with Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene, brassinolide has more comprehensive biological activities and lower dosage (PBM level), more safe (low toxicity), and has better results in increasing production and profit of agriculture. brassinolide was unanimously recognized as the sixth plant hormone in the world.
Brassinolide Biosynthesis Cas 72962-43-7
The production of brassinolide begins with a closely related sterol called campesterol, which is found in the cell membrane. Initially, it is reduced by an enzyme called DET2. This is followed by a series of oxidation reactions, facilitated by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, which add hydroxyl groups to the molecule. The most biologically significant of these reactions is the C6 oxidation, where a ketone is formed at the C6 carbon position. This single reaction increases the biological activity of the molecule by a factor of 200. Depending on when this C6 oxidation occurs, it is referred to as either the early or late C6 oxidation pathway. Both of these synthetic pathways have been observed in Arabidopsis seedlings. It appears that the late C6 oxidation pathway predominates when the seedlings are exposed to light, while the early pathway is active in the absence of light. If the plant cannot perform C6 oxidation, it results in the "Dwarf phenotype," characterized by severe growth deficits.
the Baeyer-Villiger lactonization process occurs through the action of the two homologous enzymes CYP85A1 and CYP85A2, leading to the formation of brassinolide.Alternatively, there is a suggested synthetic pathway that starts from cholesterol, giving rise to C27 brassinosteroids.
Brassinolide Structural features and physiological activities Cas 72962-43-7
Brassinolide, a potent plant growth stimulator, was the first BR isolated; it was discovered in rape (B. napus) pollen in 1979, and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic analysis to be (22R,23R,24S)-2α,3α,22,23-tetrahydroxy-24-methyl-B-homo-7-oxa-5α-cholestan-6-one . more than 40 brassinolide analogues, collectively known as BRs, have been identified and characterized from many different plant species, including 37 angiosperms, 5 gymnosperms, a pteridophyte (Equisetum arvense), and an alga (Hydrodictyon reticulatum). BRs have been isolated from almost every plant tissue, although immature seeds and pollen contain the highest concentrations of the steroids. When applied exogenously to intact plants or to explants at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations, BRs can induce a variety of physiological responses, including seed germination, pollen tube growth, stem elongation, leaf unrolling and bending, root growth inhibition, vascular differentiation, microtubule reorientation, proton pump activation, induction of ethylene biosynthesis, altered gene expression, and stress response modulation.
What is the role of Brassinolide in plants Cas 72962-43-7?
Brassinolide are a group of polyhydroxylated steroidal phytohormones that are required for the development, growth, and productivity of plants. These hormones are involved in regulating the division, elongation, and differentiation of numerous cell types throughout the entire plant life cycle.
How does Brassinolide influence growth and development of plants Cas 72962-43-7?
Brassinolide are known to be involved in stem elongation, pollen tube growth, leaf bending, leaf unrolling, inhibition of root growth, lateral root formation, proton pump activation, acceleration of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid production, increase of transverse-oriented microtubules, xylogenesis
The functions of Brassinolide Cas 72962-43-7
1) Increasing yield: Accelerating cell division and growth of nutrients, promoting plant growth and development
2) Improving Quality: Accelerating nutrient absorption and transportation
3) Improving stress resistance: promoting plant metabolism and stimulating the activity of protective enzymes in plants
4) Enhancing the efficacy of pesticides --- Accelerating the absorption of pesticides by crops
5) Prevention and mitigation of pesticide damage: restoring crop growth and inducing plant self-strength
Benefits of Brassinolide Cas 72962-43-7
It improves the growth of the germinating seeds.
Enhance the resistance ability of plants against stress conditions, such as diseases, drought, salt, and cold.
It promotes the growth of lateral buds, produces leaves with a deeper and darker green colour, and increases the number of flowers and fruit produced.
It increases the percentage of fruit set by decreasing the amount of flower and fruit drop.
Enhance and increase the sugar content and quality of the fruit.
It also promotes fruit enlargement, delays leaf senescence, and lengthens productivity.
What is the use of brassinolide Cas 72962-43-7?
It improves the growth of the germinating seeds. Enhance the resistance ability of plants against stress conditions, such as diseases, drought, salt, and cold. It promotes the growth of lateral buds, produces leaves with a deeper and darker green colour, and increases the number of flowers and fruit produced.
Dosage of Brassinolide Cas 72962-43-7
Seeds soaking: Mix 4g of product with 10 litres of water for 10 kg of seeds for up to 3-5 hours.
Seed dressing: Mix 4g of product with 250ml of seed dressing chemicals, then mix 10 kg of seeds.
Foliar spraying: Mix 100-150g of product with 400-500 litres of water and do spray application.
What is the effect of Brassinolide on plants Cas 72962-43-7?
It is now accepted that one of the basic functions of BRs is to promote the elongation of plant cells because the small cells of the BR-deficient lkb mutant of pea elongate markedly in response to exogenous brassinolide but not gibberellins.
Is Brassinolide organic Cas 72962-43-7?
Brassinolide is a natural brassinolide extracted directly from plant pollen and its derivatives by Chengdu Newsun Crop Science Co., Ltd. using the world-leading directed enzymatic hydrolysis extraction technology. It is a natural organic plant hormone and plant hormone of botanical origin.
Other Unique Functions of Brassinolide Cas 72962-43-7
1) Solve the problem of pesticide resistance, enhance crop growth, increase resistance to pests and diseases, and reduce the frequency and concentration of pesticide use;
2) It can accelerate the absorption efficiency of calcium, iron, zinc and other nutrients, and quickly transmit to the parts needed by crops.
3) It can be mixed with herbicides to give full play to the efficacy of herbicides, speed up the absorption of weeds, weed control faster and more thoroughly, and reduce the impact on crops, reduce the incidence of crop pesticide damage, and advance the recovery time.
4) Under the conditions of high temperature and drought and low relative humidity of air, it is easy to cause wastes such as rapid evaporation and drift of medicinal liquid; plant stomatal closure, its own transpiration, waxy layer thickening, seriously affecting the absorption and transmission of pesticides and foliar fertilizers; unsatisfactory pharmacodynamics and fertilizer effects, and even easy to cause Phytotoxicity. Mixed application with 14-hydroxylated brassinosteroid can improve the physical and chemical properties of waxy layer on plant leaves and promote the absorption and transmission of pesticides and foliar fertilizers. It is safe and synergistic, and stable efficacy can still be obtained under severe drought conditions.
5) After transplanting, the root nutrient and water uptake are not balanced, resulting in yellow leaves, weak growth and lower survival rate. 14-hydroxylated brassinosteroid can effectively improve the green-back time, which is 3-5 days ahead of schedule.
6) Continuous cropping (repeated cropping) makes crops grow weakly, have low resistance, yield decline and quality deterioration. 14-hydroxylated brassinosteroid can effectively help and improve the situation of seedling weakness, poor growth, yellow leaves, wilting, drug resistance, disease aggravation caused by continuous cropping, stimulate plant strength and promote growth.
What is the importance of Brassinolide in regulating plant growth Cas 72962-43-7?
The plant steroid hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development, regulating diverse processes such as cell elongation, cell division, photomorphogenesis, xyle differentiation, and reproduction as well as both abiotic and biotic stress responses.
Brassinosteroids
Brassinosteroids are a unique class of plant polyhydroxysteroids that are structurally similar to the cholesterol-derived animal steroid hormones and exhibit wide distribution in the plant kingdom. Despite eliciting strong physiological responses by exogenous application to many plant species, brassinosteroids were not widely accepted as important plant hormones for over a quarter century after their initial isolation from rapeseed pollen. Their essential roles in normal plant growth and development were revealed in the 1990s through discoveries of plant dwarf mutants defective in brassinosteroid biosynthesis or signaling. Molecular genetic and biochemical studies of these dwarf mutants not only elucidated multiple-branched biosynthetic pathways that convert major phytosterols to active brassinosteroids, but also uncovered a cell-surface-initiated steroid signaling mechanism that is distinct from that of animal steroid hormones.
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of growth-promoting steroidal phytohormones. BRs control almost all aspects of plant growth and development, and also play significant role in plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Their biosynthetic and signaling pathways have been well characterized by forward and reverse genetics. The entire synthetic pathway includes the general cycloartenol-to-campesterol sterol biosynthesis pathway and a specific campesterol-to-brassinolide (BL) biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis. Campesterol converts to BL with a campestanol-dependent or a campestanol-independent pathway. BRs are perceived by a plasma membrane localized receptor and co-receptor complex including BRI1 and BAK1. The activated BRI1/BAK1 complex inactivates BIN2, which is one of the GSK3-like protein kinases, and negatively regulates BR signaling, to promote the activity of two critical transcription factors, BES1 and BZR1, and BR-responsive gene expression. BR-regulated plant developmental processes include cell elongation, root hair initiation, stomatal development, cell division, and reproductive development. BRs also interact with many other hormonal and environmental cues to regulate plant growth and development. In this chapter, we focus on the BR biosynthetic pathway, the BR signaling pathway, BR-regulated plant growth and development, and the cross talk between BRs and other signaling pathways.
Brassinolide Cross talk with other phytohormones Cas 72962-43-7
Gibberellin
Brassinolide and gibberellin are both interdependent. BZR1 in Arabidsopsis inhibits DELLAs a negative regulator of gibberellin transduction. Thus, the activity at the promoter for binding is reduced, so gibberellin promotes cell elongation. And DELLAs interaction provides a decrease in BZR1 binding affinity to DNA.
Jasmonic acid
Brassinolide inhibits jasmonic acid (JA) induced pathogen defensive for an ideal trade-off between growth and defense. Here, the transcription factor BES1 inhibits gene expression of PDF1.2a and PDF1.2b to reduce that of antimicrobial protein defensins. Furthermore, BES1 interacts with the transcription factors MYBs and reduces their activity to reduce glucosinolate (GS) biosynthesis, which is an important precursor for defense substances against predators.
plant growth regulators Brassinolide Cas 72962-43-7 price
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