Imidacloprid a neonicotinoid insecticide
What is imidacloprid?Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects. The chemical works by interfering with the transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous system.it causes a blockage of the nicotinergic neuronal pathway. By blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, imidacloprid prevents acetylcholine from transmitting impulses between nerves, resulting in the insect's paralysis and eventual death. It is effective on contact and via stomach action.Because imidacloprid binds much more strongly to insect neuron receptors than to mammal neuron receptors, this insecticide is more toxic to insects than to mammals.
Imidacloprid is an insecticide that was made to mimic nicotine. Nicotine is naturally found in many plants, including tobacco, and is toxic to insects. Imidacloprid is used to control sucking insects, termites, some soil insects, and fleas on pets.
How does imidacloprid work?
Imidacloprid disrupts the nerve's ability to send a normal signal, and the nervous system stops working the way it should. Imidacloprid is much more toxic to insects and other invertebrates than it is to mammals and birds because it binds better to the receptors of insect nerve cells.
Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide, which means that plants take it up from the soil or through the leaves and it spreads throughout the plant's stems, leaves, fruit, and flowers. Insects that chew or suck on the treated plants end up eating the imidacloprid as well. Once the insects eat the imidacloprid, it damages their nervous system and they eventually die.
Imidacloprid Mode of Action
Imidacloprid is designed to be effective by contact or ingestion. It is a systemic insecticide that translocates rapidly through plant tissues following application.
Imidacloprid acts on several types of post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nervous system.In insects, these receptors are located only within the central nervous system. Following binding to the nicotinic receptor, nerve impulses are spontaneously discharged at first, followed by failure of the neuron to propagate any signal.Sustained activation of the receptor results from the inability of acetylcholinesterases to break down the pesticide.This binding process is irreversible.
Imidacloprid's mode of action is similar on target and non-target beneficial insects including honeybees, predatory ground beetles and parasitoid wasps.However, imidacloprid is ineffective against spider mites and nematodes.
Mammalian nicotinic receptors are made up of a number of subtypes.In contrast to insects, these receptors are present at neuromuscular junctions as well as in the central nervous system.However, the binding affinity of imidacloprid at the nicotinic receptors in mammals is much less than that of insect nicotinic receptors.This appears to be true of other vertebrate groups including birds.
The blood-brain barrier in vertebrates blocks access of imidacloprid to the central nervous system, reducing its toxicity.
Insecticide imidacloprid price
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Imidacloprid Chemical Properties
Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide in the chloronicotinyl nitroguanidine chemical family. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name is 1-(6-chloro-3- pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine CAS138261-41-3.
Neonicotinoid insecticides are synthetic derivatives of nicotine, an alkaloid compound found in the leaves of many plants in addition to tobacco.
Imidacloprid is made up of colorless crystals with a slight but characteristic odor.
Vapor pressure7: 3 x 10-12 mmHg at 20 °C
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Kow)2: 0.57 at 21 °C
Henry's constant2: 1.7 x 10-10 Pa·m3/mol
Molecular weight2: 255.7 g/mol
Solubility (water)2: 0.61 g/L (610 mg/L) at 20 °C
Soil Sorption Coefficient (Koc)8,9: 156-960, mean values 249-336
Imidacloprid Biochemistry
Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide, belonging to the class of chloronicotinyl neonicotinoid insecticides. It works by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses in insects by binding irreversibly to specific insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
As a systemic pesticide, imidacloprid translocates or moves easily in the xylem of plants from the soil into the leaves, fruit, pollen, and nectar of a plant. Imidacloprid also exhibits excellent translaminar movement in plants and can penetrate the leaf cuticle and move readily into leaf tissue.
Since imidacloprid is efficacious at very low levels (nanogram and picogram), it can be applied at lower concentrations (e.g., 0.05–0.125 lb/acre or 55–140 g/ha) than other insecticides. The availability of imidacloprid and its favorable toxicity package as compared to other insecticides on the market in the 1990s allowed the EPA to replace more toxic insecticides including the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, the organophosphorus compounds, and methylcarbamates.
What are some products that contain imidacloprid?
Products containing imidacloprid come in many forms, including liquids, granules, dusts, and packages that dissolve in water. Imidacloprid products may be used on crops, houses, or used in flea products for pets.
Always follow label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure. If any exposures occur, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully.
Imidacloprid Uses
Imidacloprid is used to control sucking insects, some chewing insects including termites, soil insects, and fleas on pets. In addition to its topical use on pets, imidacloprid may be applied to structures, crops, soil, and as a seed treatment. Uses for individual products containing imidacloprid vary widely. Always read and follow the label when applying pesticide products.
Signal words for products containing imidacloprid may range from Caution to Danger. The signal word reflects the combined toxicity of the active ingredient and other ingredients in the product. See the pesticide label on the product and refer to the NPIC fact sheets on Signal Words and Inert or "Other" Ingredients.
To find a list of products containing imidacloprid which are registered , visit the website https://www.agripesticide.com/select your then click on the link for " Products."
Seed treatment Imidacloprid is the most popular seed treatment insecticide in the world
Agriculture Control of aphids, cane beetles, thrips,stink bugs, locusts, and a variety of other insects that damage crops
Arboriculture Control of the emerald ash borer, hemlock woolly adelgid,and other insects that attack trees (including hemlock, maple, oak, and birch)
Home Protection Control of termites,carpenter ants, cockroaches, and moisture-loving insects
Domestic animals Control of fleas (applied to the back of the neck)
Turf Control of Japanese beetle larvae (exp. Grubs)
Gardening Control of aphids and other pests
When used on plants, imidacloprid, which is systemic, is slowly taken up by plant roots and slowly translocated up the plant via xylem tissue.
How might I be exposed to imidacloprid?
There are four ways that people can be exposed to chemicals. Chemicals may get on the skin, get into the eyes, be inhaled, or be eaten. This can happen if someone handles a pesticide or a pet recently treated with a product and does not wash their hands before eating. You could be exposed to imidacloprid if you are applying a product to your yard, on a pet, or in another location and get the product on your skin or breathe in spray mist. Because imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide, you could be exposed to imidacloprid if you ate the fruit, leaves, or roots of plants that were grown in soil treated with imidacloprid.
What are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to imidacloprid?
Farm workers reported skin or eye irritation, dizziness, breathlessness, confusion, or vomiting after they were exposed to pesticides containing imidacloprid. Pet owners have sometimes had skin irritation after they applied flea control products containing imidacloprid to their pets. Animals have vomited or drooled a lot after oral exposure to imidacloprid. If animals swallow enough imidacloprid, they may have trouble walking, develop tremors, and seem overly tired. Sometimes animals have skin reactions to pet products containing imidacloprid.
What happens to imidacloprid when it enters the body?
Imidacloprid does not go through skin easily but it can cross the lining of the stomach and especially the intestine when it is eaten. Once it gets into the body, imidacloprid moves through the bloodstream to the whole body. Imidacloprid is broken down in the liver and then removed from the body in feces and urine. Rats that were fed imidacloprid excreted 90% of the dose in 24 hours.
Are children more sensitive to imidacloprid than adults?
Children are generally more likely to be exposed to pesticides, and may be more susceptible than adults because they spend more time in contact with the ground, their bodies break down chemicals differently, and their skin is thinner. However, there is no specific information on whether young people or animals are more at risk from exposure to imidacloprid than adults.
Can imidacloprid affect birds, fish, or other wildlife?
Imidacloprid is not very toxic to birds and slightly toxic to fish, although this varies by species. Imidacloprid is very toxic to honeybees and other beneficial insects. The role, if any, of imidacloprid in Colony Collapse Disorder is not yet clear. Scientists have shown that plants grown in treated soil may have imidacloprid residues in their nectar and pollen at levels that are below those shown to cause effects on bees in laboratory experiments.
Other beneficial animals may also be affected. Green lacewings did not avoid nectar of plants grown in soil treated with imidacloprid. The lacewings that fed from the treated plants had lower survival than lacewings that had not fed from treated plants. Ladybugs that ate aphids from plants grown in treated soil also showed reduced survival and reproduction.